output, and drug abuse), allowing for the development of models of various gender

groups, territories, age groups, and infections down to minute biological differences,

advancing the advancement of precision health (Van Den Berg et al. 2019).

The resolution of this question is yet to be established: despite advancements in

organ-on-chip models, whether organ workable reproduction is limited by cell

source. Researchers described the substantial difficulties in culturing human primary

alveolar and epithelial type II cells (Shiraishi et al. 2019; Weiner et al. 2019).

Because of the limited number of primary cells and need of expanded supply, the

organ-on-chip method increases cost and makes the technology more difficult to

spread to the general population. Many bio-on-chip devices are made with

polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). PDMS chips can be carefully mounted on a conven-

tional incubator and optical microscopes for use with cell culture. It was argued that

that PDMS blocks the effect of the supplement, while enhancing the involvement of

the protein, and has many limitations in its use (Wang et al. 2017a, b).

6.9

Future Scope

‘Lab-on-a-chip’ and ‘multi-organs-on-a-chip’ are two recent developments in

microfluidic-based computer manufacturing. Several of those microfluidic-based

programs have been designed in recent years with the goal of improving in vitro

and in vivo prototype predictability. Furthermore, when compared to traditional cell

culture methods like flask culture, dish culture, and well plate culture, the

microfluidics-based cultured cell study claims a thorough insight into the interaction

between cell culture variables and microenvironmental aspects that traditional cell

culture methods lack. Microfluidics’ flexible multifunctional characteristics, such as

accurate positioning over microenvironmental components, provide new avenues for

next-generation drug development.

The development of a ‘human-on-a-chip’ is critical because animal models in

investigation and the healthcare industry will eventually be replaced. The ‘human-

on-a-chip’ technology allows for expansion without the need for external assistance

by adding more fully functional tissues. A truly autonomous approach, according to

this proposal, requires that each tissue be capable of performing its physiological

function adequately. To begin, extended cell viability must be maintained. In vivo

studies of the interaction between tissues and microfluidic channels are required.

The electrochemical biosensors are being integrated into human-on-chip

environments, which is a rising practise in the design world of electronic

components. Physiological and physical implementations must be considered

when designing the system, including suitable flow parameters, and biochemical

equations are necessary. As with all experiments, these in vitro models should be

understood within the context of their limitations.

Advanced and state-of-the-art research has made us closer to human-on-a-chip

technology, as well as sensors for detecting various drugs and hormones. Thus, it

was possible to demonstrate that the biophysical environment plays a critical role in

assisting sperm in reaching the egg through the construction of a woman’s

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Organ-on-a-Chip: Novel In Vitro Model for Drug Discovery

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